Beyond Borders

Psychosexual disorders are a complex set of conditions that affect a person's sexual functioning and behavior. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical, environmental, or psychological issues. Common triggers include stress, anxiety, depression, past trauma, and societal stigma. There are three main types of psychosexual disorders: paraphilic disorders, sexual dysfunctions, and gender identity disorders. Paraphilic disorders involve atypical and intense sexual behaviors, such as pedophilia, voyeurism, and fetishism. Sexual dysfunctions refer to difficulties in engaging in sexual relationships, including problems with desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain during intercourse. Gender identity disorders involve a person's sense of identity differing from their biological sex. It's important to note that the symptoms and categories of psychosexual disorders can vary widely between individuals and genders. These disorders can be difficult to diagnose ...

Cohoba, also known as Yopo, is a hallucinogenic inhaler made from the seeds of the Anadenanthera peregrine tree, which is mainly found in tropical America. Cohoba is often mistaken for tobacco, and the tube is sometimes confused with a smoking pipe.  The two main components of Cohoba are Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and Bufotenine, which are powerful hallucinogenic compounds Cohoba is also known by various other names, including cebil, coboba, cojoba, curupa, curuva, hataj, kurupa, kurupayara, niopo, nupa, ñopo, parica, vilca, yopo, and yupa. The Mimosa plant itself is not illegal in countries like the United States, except in Louisiana, where it has been illegal to grow mimosa for human consumption since 2005. However, DMT, one of the major ingredients in Cohoba, is illegal in most countries. The human relationship with Cohoba is long and complex. It was first observed by Christopher Columbus during his second journey to America between 1493 and 1496. It was used by the Taino Indians ...

Mead, also known as honey wine, is believed to be one of the oldest alcoholic beverages known to humankind. Its origins can be traced back 20,000 years ago in Africa, where bees nested in hollow trees that would fill with water during the rainy season, creating a primitive form of mead. From there, mead spread throughout many cultures, including Greek, Norse, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Welsh. It was even regarded as the drink of kings and thanes in the epic poem, Beowulf. Mead is made by fermenting bee honey with yeast and water, and can also be flavored with fruits, spices, grains, and hops. Although it has similarities to both beer and wine, mead is in its own category. Some consider it to be closer to beer, while others consider it to be closer to wine. Mead can range from 3% to 20% alcohol by volume, with different sub-styles such as braggot, melomel, and hydromel. In terms of its nutritional value, mead is generally gluten-free and may induce allergic responses in certain individual...

Blue Lotus, also known as Nymphaea caerulea, is an exotic water plant from the Ninfeaceae family. It has a fragrant and attractive bloom and is found in North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Blue Lotus is not a restricted drug according to the Food and Drug Administration, and is not authorized in the United States for human consumption. However, several extracts such as blue lotus teas, incense, and oils are legal in most countries except Poland, Russia, and Latvia. Its psychoactive effects are due to two alkaloids, Apomorphine (a psychoactive compound) and Nuciferine (an antipsychotic compound). Blue Lotus can be used in several ways as a drug. The most common way is to boil the petals of Blue Lotus in water and filter the liquid, which is known as Blue Lotus tea. Another way is to use it as Blue Lotus wine, which was also used by ancient Egyptians. Smoking Blue Lotus is a faster way of experiencing its effect, and some users mix Blue Lotus with tobacco, cannabis, and hashish too....

Magic mushrooms, also known as Psilocybin, are a type of psychedelic drug that contains a natural psychoactive and hallucinogenic compound. They are categorized as serotonergic hallucinogens, which change an individual's perception and mood by affecting cognitive processes. Magic mushrooms are classified by the United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) as a Schedule I drug, which means they have a high potential for abuse, have no currently accepted medical treatment in the US, and have a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. Some common names for magic mushrooms include Shrooms, Mushies, Blue Meanies, Golden Tops, Liberty Caps, Philosopher's Stones, Liberties, Amani, and Agaric. Magic mushrooms are usually prepared by drying, although they can also be eaten freshly picked or mixed with food or drink. They can even be smoked, mixed with cannabis or tobacco. They can also be found in dried capsules or liquid. When psilocybin is taken, it is converted in th...

A number of changes can be found in the criminal justice system during the selected period due to the increment of crime. When considering Police, after the independence of Sri Lanka, Richard Aluvihare became the IG as the first Sri Lankan IG in 6th January 1947. He introduced several innovative measures to embrace the welfare of the men, investigation, prevention and detection of crime, crime prevention societies, rural volunteers, police kennels, public relations, new methods of training and improvement of conditions of service. In 1946, the Police Commission was appointed to look into the reorganization of the police service. From 1952, the recruitment of women police officers to the police force began. Traffic police headquarters was established in 1953 to enforce traffic laws, prevent violation of traffic regulation as well as to investigate accidents. In 1966, John Attygalle became the Inspector General of Police and established the Police Public Relations Bureau. In 1956, it was...

Above figures are collected from a research paper written by Senior Lecturer of Rajarata University of Sri Lanka,    E.M. Samantha Ekanayake, named “Structural Transformation of Society and Development of Criminality: A Case Study from of Sri Lanka”. It displays that in 1953 crimes in the island has decreased up to 18,000, but during the time of 1960 to 1975, crime rate has rapidly increased by (300%).  It could be identified that emergency law had been enforced during 1948 to 1970 for five times. August, 1953 – political violence – 21 individuals were killed  May 22, 1958 – political violence – 04 – Vavuniya March 13, 1959 September 26, 1959  April 14, 1961 – Ethnic–Tamils civil disobedience campaign – arrested 30 military observers – northern and eastern  provinces Killings, displacements and arresting over political violence were at its rise. That might be the reason for the increment of homicide as graphed in the second figure during that period. Relate...