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Differential Association Theory: Understanding Criminal Behaviors through Learning


Criminal behavior has been a topic of interest in the field of criminology for many years, and several theories have been developed to explain the phenomenon. One of the most well-known theories is the Differential Association Theory, which was first introduced in 1939 by American scientist Edwin Sutherland the book “The Professional Thief”. In 1947, Sutherland and American Criminologist Doland Cressy described this theory deeply by the book “The Principles of Criminology”.  This theory explains how learning processes influence the pattern of criminal behavior in individuals. In this article, we will explore the concept of Differential Association Theory and how it sheds light on the relationship between socialization and criminal behavior. 

What is Differential Association Theory?

Differential Association Theory is a sociological theory that describes how the learning process affects criminal behavior. According to this theory, criminal behavior is not inherited, but learned through a process of communication with others living in society. In this process, language, as well as other symbolic communication strategies, play a significant role in the learning of criminal behavior. 

The theory explains that the most critical part of the learning of criminal behavior takes place within the primary groups closest to them, such as family and peer groups. The rest of the media, such as films, newspapers, and movies, which are not personal, do not play such an important role in the process of learning criminal behaviors. In other words, simple learning in groups that are not often associated with oneself does not have a decisive effect on learning criminal behavior.

Key Principles of Differential Association Theory

Differential Association Theory is based on the following principles:
  1. Criminal behavior is gained through the learning process, and it is not inherited or instinctive.
  2. Criminal behavior is the result of a process of communication with others living in society, and language and other symbolic communication strategies play a significant role in this process.
  3. The most important part of the learning of criminal behavior takes place within the primary groups closest to them, such as family and peer groups.
  4. Those who learn about criminal behavior through the learning process focus on two main areas in incorporating that behavior into their lives: learning the methodology required to commit the crime and learning the specific motivations that led to the crime.
  5. One learns the above motivations through the people around him/her (primary group), who may teach him/her how to break the law and the benefits that can be gained from it.
  6. A person becomes a criminal when he/she falls into the company of criminals and learns from that association that it is beneficial to commit a crime.
  7. The interaction varies according to the influence of factors such as frequency, dependent time, priority, and intensity.
  8. Anything else we learn in this way, in the same way we learn illegal or legal practices.
  9. Illegal acts or behaviors are carried out to fulfill human financial needs and values.

Implications of Differential Association Theory

Differential Association Theory has important implications for understanding and preventing criminal behavior. The theory emphasizes that criminal behavior is learned through socialization, and this learning can be modified through socialization as well. Therefore, it is essential to provide individuals with positive socialization experiences that discourage criminal behavior.

Moreover, the theory suggests that individuals who are prone to criminal behavior can be helped by surrounding them with individuals who discourage such behavior. Additionally, it highlights the importance of primary groups in shaping the behavior of individuals. Hence, strengthening family relationships and promoting positive peer group interactions can be an effective way to prevent criminal behavior.

Conclusion

Differential Association Theory provides a valuable framework for understanding criminal behavior. The theory highlights the role of learning and socialization in shaping the behavior of individuals. By understanding the key principles of the theory, we can identify strategies to prevent criminal behavior by promoting positive socialization experiences and strengthening relationships with primary groups. Overall, the Differential Association Theory provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between socialization and criminal behavior.

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