The Classical Theory of Criminology

Criminological theories have emerged to understand the underlying factors that affect criminal behavior. The classical theory of criminology, which emerged in the 18th century, is the first theoretical analysis of the causes of crime. Italian nobleman Cesare Beccaria and British philosopher Jeremy Bentham were the prominent figures of the classical school, with Beccaria considered the father of classical criminology.

Beccaria's book "Crimes and Punishment" is the manifesto for the reform of judicial and penal systems throughout Europe. He believed that laws should preserve public safety and order, not avenge crime. Beccaria argued that punishment should fit the crime, be identical for identical crimes, and be applied without reference to social status. He also championed the abolition of the death penalty and the cause of merciful punishments.

Beccaria believed that criminals made calculated decisions about what behavior to engage in, and criminal behavior is in the mind of the perpetrator. Crimes are not caused by demons or manipulated by some inhuman force; they are committed after thinking and weighing. He argued that if the satisfaction of committing the crime is less than the punishment given for it, the person will not commit the crime.

Jeremy Bentham's philosophy of social control was based on the principle of utility, which prescribed "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." He believed that the legislature should promulgate laws aimed at maximizing the pleasure and minimizing the pain of the largest number in society.

The classical school introduced principles relevant to crimes, criminality, and punishments, such as imposing punishment according to law, not interpreting the laws, punishment based on pleasure or pain, punishment based on the act, not the actor, and treating all people equally. Classical theorists believed that rational people act out of free will, make calculated decisions about their behavior, and weigh the costs and benefits of an act to decide how to proceed.

In conclusion, classical criminology played a crucial role in shaping the modern criminal justice system. The principles established by Beccaria and Bentham laid the foundation for the development of modern criminology theories and practices, emphasizing rationality, proportionality, and fairness in crime and punishment.

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